2023-06-29 09:40:42
The incretin effect is often attenuated in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), making glycemic control more difficult.1 The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut hormone responsible for up to 70% of the incretin effect in metabolically healthy people responsible for. In comparison, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) accounts for about 30% of the effect.2 In general, a disturbed metabolism is characteristic of T2D, with not only blood sugar but also fat metabolism and fat distribution being significantly influenced. 1
GIP in adipose tissue
GIP receptors are found in different places in the human body, but the most common ones are in the pancreas and adipose tissue.3,4 To understand the potential effects of GIP in subcutaneous adipose tissue, it is necessary to look at the underlying processes in more detail.5
Storage and regulation of serum lipids
White adipose tissue stores fats and regulates the concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the blood.5 Its storage capacity is increased through two mechanisms:
Through these processes, white adipose tissue acts as a lipid buffering system. It protects other organs such as the liver, skeletal muscle tissue and the beta cells of the pancreas from excess fatty acids and their negative effects.5,7
The Role of GIP: Improving Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity
There is evidence that GIP can increase the uptake of dietary triglycerides and free fatty acids into adipose tissue.a In the process, the storage capacity of adipocytes is increased and the triglyceride concentration in the blood is reduced.9,10 GIP mediates these effects, among other things, by increases insulin sensitivity of white adipose tissue and reduces inflammatory processes.10
Mediating glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in other organs
In addition, adipokines play a central role as messenger substances from the adipose tissue. They can affect glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory processes. They may decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis, increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells, and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.8
The white adipose tissue is therefore a complex organ that also has an endocrine effect on other metabolic organs.
Beyond the effects on fat metabolism: What else can GIP do?
The intestinal hormone GIP is not only used in adipose tissue – it also stimulates physiological processes in the brain and pancreas, among other things.12 Synergetic effects of GIP and GLP-1 are also possible:
Image source: @Lilly
PP-TR-DE-0301
Sources:
a Preclinical studies
Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Diabetes. 2019; 68(5): 897–900.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021; 44(suppl 1): S1–S232.
Tofé S. GIP Effects on the Human Body. Eli Lilly and Company. Data on file.
Nauck MA, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(Suppl 3): 5–29.
Frayn KN. Diabetes. 2002;45(9): 1201–1210.
Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20(4): 242–258.
Frayn KN. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;78(3): 398–406.
Funcke JB, Scherer PE. J Lipid Res. 2019;60(10): 1648–1697.
Finan B, et al. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(5): 359–376.
Varol C, et al. J Immunol. 2014;193(8): 4002–4009.
Mohammad S, et al. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(50):43062–43070.
Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(6): 525–536.
You might also be interested in:
GIP and GLP-1? – Prof. Juris Meier and Prof. Thomas Forst classify the intestinal hormones:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are two gut hormones that share some duties, but also function independently.1
Learn more!
GIP – The top 10 facts about the gut hormone:
Like GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), GIP is a gut hormone. It is released in the duodenum and contributes significantly to insulin secretion after food intake. 1Learn more!
#Lipid #metabolism #focus #role #intestinal #hormone #GIP