Extreme heat is no longer limited to scorching locations like Death Valley, as deadly temperatures can now strike anywhere. Dr. Prabu Selvam, an emergency medical officer at Americares, a health-focused nonprofit, warns that heat not only has the potential to kill, but it also worsens existing health conditions. When people become dehydrated from heat emergencies, their hearts and lungs have to work harder to distribute oxygen and blood flow to their organs. This extra stress can be particularly detrimental to those with underlying health problems, such as heart disease and high blood pressure. The risk is further heightened for socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals and those without access to air conditioning, especially if they also have health issues.
Chronic kidney disease is another condition that can be worsened by heat and dehydration. The CDC reports that more than 1 in 7 US adults have the disease, with many unaware of their condition. High blood pressure and diabetes, the leading causes of kidney failure, put individuals at risk. It is crucial for individuals to stay hydrated, especially if they are physically active in hot environments. The CDC recommends drinking 1 cup of water every 15 to 20 minutes in these situations, but it is important to avoid excessive fluid intake as it can lead to low blood salt levels and cause a medical emergency.
Pregnant individuals are particularly vulnerable to the dangers of overheating. Heat exposure during pregnancy has been linked to preterm labor, fetal growth restriction, and increased heart complications for both the mother and the developing fetus. Pregnant individuals may become dehydrated more easily and are less able to cool themselves by sweating, which puts them at an increased risk of heat-related illnesses. Dehydration can also lead to early contractions and increase the chances of dizziness and fainting. Overheating has also been associated with changes in the structure of the fetal heart and neural tube defects, which can result in conditions like spina bifida.
Heat not only affects the body physically but also impacts mental health. Heat stresses the brain, affecting cognitive abilities such as thinking, planning, and paying attention. Mental processing remains impaired even after the body has cooled down. People with attention deficit disorders, anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions may find it harder to cope with the heat. Certain medications, such as migraine and allergy medications, vasoconstrictors, tricyclic antidepressants, and diuretics, can worsen symptoms by reducing sweating or promoting dehydration.
Age is another significant factor in heat-related risks. Older adults, especially those over 70, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of heat. Just a few hours in temperatures of 80 degrees or above can lead to heat exhaustion or heatstroke for elderly individuals with underlying health concerns. Young children are also at a higher risk as they may be more physically active and less likely to have regular access to liquids during their activities.
Regardless of age, individuals who overexert themselves in the heat are also at a higher risk. Factors such as physical activity level and the difficulty of the work environment play a role in determining the danger posed by heat exposure. It is important to take preventive measures, such as staying hydrated, seeking cooler environments, and wearing appropriate clothing, to protect oneself from the dangers of extreme heat.