2023-09-26 06:05:00
26/09/2023
Nuclear energy in the energy transition.- Cayetano López
This chapter describes the global energy scheme and that of a series of significant countries today, both in terms of primary energy, final energy and electricity generation. The effects that this scheme is having on the climate are also described, basically due to a massive emission of greenhouse gases, the main gases of this type being carbon dioxide and methane. From the severity of these effects arises the need to move towards another energy scheme that is not based on energy sources that emit these gases. The only known emission-free energy sources are renewables and nuclear, so they must play a primary role in the energy transition. The importance of energy storage technologies, central to a scheme dominated by intermittent sources, is also emphasized. The elements of this transition, the objectives set at the different climate summits, particularly the one in Paris, are discussed, as well as the possible reasons why it is not addressed with sufficient determination.
Regarding nuclear energy, a review is made of the current situation and recent developments, analyzing the main consumers of this type of energy, as well as the main manufacturers and exporters of nuclear reactors. The pros and cons of nuclear energy are analyzed, with special reference to the Fukushima accident and its consequences. The different nuclear technologies are described, including the differences between II, III and IV generation reactors and the need for uranium enrichment. Also included is a description of nuclear fusion energy, the current state of the technology and its prospects. Finally, possible scenarios for the presence of nuclear energy in the energy transition are mentioned, with special reference to the extension of the life of the reactors currently in operation, the new generation III reactors under construction and the treatment of radioactive waste. , in the short, medium and long term.
Document prepared by Cayetano López. Former general director of CIEMAT.
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