Forbes December 27, 2025
Wine Production Plunged in 2023—and Extreme Weather is to Blame
Table of Contents
A perfect storm of climate challenges—from fungal disease to wildfires—caused global wine production to hit a 60-year low.
- In 2023, global wine production shrank by 10% compared to 2022, reaching its lowest level since 1961.
- Tuscany, Italy, experienced a devastating 70% loss in wine production in 2023 due to downy mildew.
- Italy remains the world’s largest wine producer, followed by France, Spain, the United States, and Australia.
- Researchers are exploring innovative solutions, including robotic scouting for disease, to mitigate future losses.
The world’s wine lovers may have noticed a shift in their favorite vintages—and it’s not just their imagination. In 2023, global wine production experienced a significant downturn, plummeting by 10% from the previous year. This decline resulted in the lowest wine output since 1961, according to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). The culprit? A widespread outbreak of downy mildew, a destructive fungal disease, coupled with a barrage of extreme weather events.
Downy Mildew Devastates Vineyards
The impact was particularly acute in Tuscany, Italy, where vineyards lost a staggering 70% of their wine production in 2023 due to downy mildew. This disease aggressively attacks vines, taking root on the leaves and causing grapes to wither, ultimately decimating harvests. Downy mildew wasn’t acting alone, however.
The OIV reports that extreme weather conditions played a critical role in impacting major wine-growing regions worldwide. Droughts parched vineyards, while devastating floods and wildfires wreaked havoc on others. The combination of these factors created a challenging environment for grape growers globally.
Global Wine Production Leaders in 2025
Despite the challenges, some regions fared better than others. As of 2025, Italy continues to lead the world in wine production, boasting an output of 47.3 million hectoliters (Mhl). France follows closely behind with 35.9 Mhl, while Spain produces 29.4 Mhl. The United States and Australia round out the top five wine-producing countries.
Tech to the Rescue?
Facing these ongoing threats, researchers are turning to technology for solutions. Efforts are underway to develop more resilient grape varieties and improve disease management strategies. One promising avenue involves using robots to scout vineyards for early signs of disease, allowing for quicker and more targeted interventions.
What is downy mildew? Downy mildew is a disease caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, which thrives in cool, humid conditions. It can quickly spread through vineyards, causing significant crop losses if left unchecked.
The future of wine production will undoubtedly require a proactive approach to climate change and disease management. Innovation and adaptation will be key to ensuring that wine continues to flow for generations to come.
