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Public health officials are monitoring a limited but ongoing outbreak of mpox, also known as monkeypox, in the French Indian Ocean territories of La Réunion and Mayotte. As of March 26, 2026, a total of 18 cases have been identified across the two islands, raising concerns about localized transmission despite global declines in cases following the 2022-2023 outbreak. The situation highlights the importance of continued vigilance and targeted public health measures in regions with ongoing risk factors.
The current outbreak differs from the initial global surge in several key respects. The cases identified in La Réunion and Mayotte are primarily linked to travel from Madagascar, suggesting an ongoing importation risk from the neighboring island nation. This contrasts with the earlier outbreak, which saw more widespread community transmission in diverse geographic locations. Understanding these transmission patterns is crucial for implementing effective control strategies.
Mpox Cases in La Réunion: A Recent Importation
On the island of La Réunion, health authorities have confirmed a total of seven mpox cases as of March 26, 2026. According to surveillance data from Santé publique France, the cases are attributable to the MPXV clade Ib virus. The latest report details three imported cases originating from Madagascar, identified during weeks 5, 7, and 12 of 2026. Four additional cases are considered autochthonous – meaning contracted locally – with three representing secondary transmission from the imported cases, occurring in weeks 7 and 8.
Mayotte Experiences Continued Local Transmission
Mayotte is experiencing a more sustained level of mpox activity. As of March 26, 2026, eleven cases have been identified this year. A new case was reported on March 18, following the last confirmed case on February 12, 2026. Of the first ten cases reported, three were imported from Madagascar, whereas seven were locally acquired. The local transmission includes four cases of secondary spread from the imported cases and three cases of tertiary transmission – meaning spread from individuals who themselves contracted the virus from someone with a locally acquired infection.
Understanding Clade Ib and Transmission Risks
The MPXV clade Ib virus identified in both La Réunion and Mayotte is one of two main clades of the monkeypox virus. While both clades can cause illness, clade Ib has historically been associated with less severe disease compared to clade IIb, which was dominant in the 2022-2023 global outbreak. However, all mpox cases require careful monitoring and appropriate medical care. Transmission occurs through close, intimate contact with an infected person or animal, including direct contact with skin lesions, body fluids, or respiratory droplets. Contaminated materials, such as clothing or bedding, can also spread the virus.
Public Health Response and Vaccination Efforts
Health authorities in both La Réunion and Mayotte are implementing standard public health measures to control the outbreak, including contact tracing, isolation of confirmed cases, and risk communication. Vaccination remains a key strategy for preventing the spread of mpox. The Jynneos vaccine, approved for use against mpox, is available in both territories, though access and uptake may vary. Santé publique France is closely monitoring the situation and providing guidance to local health officials.
The ongoing cases in La Réunion and Mayotte underscore the importance of maintaining a high level of awareness about mpox, even as the global threat has diminished. Individuals traveling to or residing in these regions should be aware of the symptoms of mpox – which include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash – and seek medical attention if they develop any concerning symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent severe illness and further transmission.
The next official update from Santé publique France regarding mpox surveillance in La Réunion and Mayotte is expected in early April 2026. Continued monitoring of case numbers, transmission patterns, and vaccination coverage will be essential for guiding public health interventions and protecting the populations of these islands.
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