2023-11-29 10:34:30
If you’ve started learning German or any other European language, you have probably encountered the classifications A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2. But what do they mean?
These letters and numbers refer to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)an indispensable framework in language learning – and the standardised form of reference for language level used around Europe.
Whether you’re applying to study or for a job, many Europeans in educational institutions and professional human resources departments will understand what the levels refer to and have certain expectations of you based on your stated level. For example, most European universities will require you to have at least a B2 level in whatever language is required to study in the appropriate program there. Some specialised programs – such as language or literature courses – may even ask for higher levels.
If you want to gauge where you currently are in your German-learning journey, we’ve put together a handy guide to each of the CEFR levels.
By knowing the necessary skills, vocabulary and grammar requirements required at each level, you’ll have a roadmap for improving your German even further.
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A1 – Beginner
This is the lowest level of German possible and covers those getting started. People coming to Germany to retire or reunite with family would generally need to demonstrate expertise at this level. This level may also allow you to apply for an au pair visa.
At this level, your skills should allow you to:
Introduce yourself – ‘Hello! My name is…’ (Hello! My name is…) Ask and answer simple questions about personal information – ‘How old are you? I am twenty-five years old.’ (How old are you? I’m twenty-five.) Understand basic instructions – ‘Please sit down.’ (Please have a seat)
Retirement in Germany is typically possible if applicants for the appropriate residence permit can demonstrate a basic level – A1 German. (Photo by AMA GENUSS REGION / www.schwarz-koenig.at)
Vocabulary:
You should know and be able to use basic words and phrases related to:
Personal information – ‘I come from’ Daily routines – ‘I work from 9 to 5’ Family – ‘My mother’s name is…’ Hobbies – ‘ Immediate surroundings – ‘I live in the city.’
Your grammar knowledge should allow you to use:
Personal pronouns and verbs in the present tense – ‘I play, he is’ (I play, he is) Articles and noun gender – Der (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter) Negation – ‘I am not tired’ (I’m not tired), ‘I don’t have a cat’ Basic preposition knowledge – ‘The book is in the bag’
A2 – Elementary
Once you have the beginner skills down, you should be able to go just a little more, including describing daily routines, understanding basic texts, having simple conversations like discussing your weekend with a friend or expressing your opinion:
‘I think that…, in my opinion…’
At this level, you should have some vocabulary to talk about work, school, shopping, or travel.
You should also have a familiarity with grammar that will allow you to use:
Past tense of regular and common irregular verbs – ‘I have played football/I played football’ or ‘I haven’t slept well/I didn’t sleep well ) The dative case, including dative prepositions – Mit (with), nach (to), bei (for/by), zu (to/towards) Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives – ‘He is taller than I’ (He is taller than me) or ‘This is the most beautiful picture’. Conjunctions – And (and), but (but), because (because), if (when/if)
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B1 – Intermediate
A German speaker at this level should be able to use their skills independently of help – even if they’re not anywhere near a perfect speaker yet. They should be able to handle most aspects of daily life and manage simple topics between family and friends.
This is also the crucial German level to pass for people looking to apply either for permanent residence or standard-track citizenship in Germany. Having a certificate at this level would let you apply for German permanent residence after five years in Germany and citizenship after eight years – although this will be changed to five years under a new reform making its way through the German Bundestag.
TEST: Is your German good enough for citizenship or permanent residency?
At this level, you should have the following skills:
Handling most situations while traveling – ‘The flight is delayed, more information will follow’ Expressing thoughts on familiar topics – ‘I like going to concerts. I saw a new band last week, but they weren’t that great.’ (I like going to concerts. Last week I saw a new band, but it wasn’t great.) Reading and understanding simple texts Participating in discussions
B1 is the basic language requirement to obtain German citizenship. Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Fabian Sommer
Vocabulary:
You should be able to converse on a broader range of topics, including:
Society – Society, diversity, democracy Culture – Customs, art, architecture News – Headlines, current events events), political news Abstract concepts – peace, tolerance, happiness
Your B1 grammar skills should let you express:
Future tense (Futur I) – ‘It’s going to rain/it will rain’ He said he is going to the cinema tonight’ (he says he is going to the cinema tonight) Complex sentence structures (subordinate clauses) – ‘I will get up early tomorrow because I have an important appointment.’ (I will get up early tomorrow because I have an important appointment).
EXPLAINED: A language teacher’s guide to passing the German tests for citizenship
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B2 – Upper Intermediate
Learners at this level are starting to be able to really demonstrate their degree of German fluency, and are getting to the point where they can study or work in German – provided that more complex discussions are close to an area of expertise they have.
Under current German nationality law, someone passing an exam at this level can shorten the time they need to have been resident in Germany for to apply for citizenship from eight years to six. But this will change under the new reform. Fast track applicants will be eligible after just three years of residence, but need to demonstrate C1 skills. Some university programs in Germany might admit non-native German speakers if they can demonstrate skills at this level.
A B2 level of German will allow people to work in certain jobs and have a command over conversations in subjects where they have some expertise. Photo: picture alliance/dpa/dpa-tmn | Christin Klose
Skills:
Communicating coherently on various topics
Understanding complex texts. Speakers at this level should be able to read many German newspapers.
Writing detailed essays
Following most discussions. Speakers at this level should be able to watch most TV programs.
Vocabulary:
Extensive vocabulary covering diverse subjects and specialised areas of interest
Grammar:
Subjunctive mood (Subjunctive II for hypothetical situations) – ‘If I had more time, I would go to the cinema’. (If I had more time, I would go to the cinema) Passive voice – ‘The teacher explains the grammar to the students’. (The grammar is explained to the students by the teacher.) Conditional sentences – ‘If it rains, I will take an umbrella’. (If it rains, I will take an umbrella).
READ ALSO: What’s the difference between B2 and C1 German for new fast-track citizenship?
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C1 – Advanced
This level – the second-highest possible – denotes someone who speaks German fluently. A speaker at this level would be able to work in the language, attend most university courses and can have long discussions that included subjects that weren’t necessarily linked to their overall interests or expertise. Their skills would also include being able to express ideas spontaneously, understanding complex books and lectures. They should also be able to engage in debate and negotiation.
C1 level German will equip you with the necessary knowledge to negotiate contracts. Photo: picture alliance/dpa/dpa-tmn | Christin Klose
Their vocabulary would included advanced and specialised words for professional and academic purposes. Grammar-wise, they would be able to use nuanced sentence structure and idioms – as well as relative clauses and indirect speech.
Under the newly proposed reform to German citizenship, people who can demonstrate a C1 level of German could be eligible for citizenship after as little as three years of residence in Germany.
READ ALSO: How hard is the C1 language test for Germany’s upcoming fast-track citizenship?
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C2 – Mastery/Proficiency
This the highest possible level of German language skill – and one that many speakers don’t ever get to. Conversations at this level stray into very academic realms. Many speakers outside of advanced academia or research posts can often already work in German with C1 rather than C2.
A C2 speaker would be able to express themselves effortlessly, understand and produce nuanced texts, engage in very precise academic or professional conversation and comprehend virtually all bits of the language. They would be able to use the language subtly, master complex sentence structure and use advanced rhetoric the way a native would.
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