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High cognitive activity, for example through reading, can protect against Alzheimer’s. © HalfPoint Images/IMAGO
Dementia is a widespread disease, but one is not defenseless against it. Researchers have identified factors that influence the risk.
The fear of developing dementia in old age is widespread. Currently, around 1.6 million people in Germany are affected by this disease. Predictions suggest that the number could rise to 150 million by 2050, as reported at the Alzheimer Association Conference. However, there is no reason for resignation, as there are ways to reduce the risk of developing dementia, such as through a healthy diet. A study has also shown that certain lifestyle changes can significantly lower the risk of illness.
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In a British Medical Journal (BMJ) published study, researchers examined various lifestyles of individuals between 1993 and 2012. The study participants, a total of 2,449 people aged at least 65 from a neighborhood in Chicago, underwent regular neurocognitive tests. During the study, Alzheimer’s dementia could be ruled out for 2,110 individuals, while 339 individuals developed Alzheimer’s.
The researchers developed a five-point system for evaluating the lifestyle and risk factors of the participants. Each test subject could earn one point for each fulfilled category, with five points representing the optimum. The more points achieved, the healthier the lifestyle of the individual. The five factors of the system were:
- Adhering to a “brain-healthy diet,” the so-called Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet.
- High cognitive activity, for example through reading, visiting museums, crossword puzzles, playing cards and board games.
- High physical activity, defined as more than 140 minutes of exercise per week.
- Not smoking.
- Low alcohol consumption, defined as up to 15 grams per day for women and up to 30 grams per day for men.
Preventing dementia and extending lifespan: Lifestyle plays a crucial role
The researchers reassessed every ten years how many points a group of individuals achieved, for each age group, gender, and for those with and without pre-existing dementia. The points achieved influenced the life expectancy of the participants. For example, 65-year-old women who scored four or five points had a life expectancy of an additional 24.2 years.
In contrast, the life expectancy of women of the same age who scored none or only one point was shortened by 3.1 years. Lifestyle also impacted the development and duration of a dementia illness: Ten percent of women with a healthy lifestyle lived on average 2.6 years with dementia during their expected lifespan, while women with an unhealthy lifestyle lived with dementia for 4.1 years despite a shorter lifespan.
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For men, the difference was even greater: 65-year-old men with a healthy lifestyle had a life expectancy of another 23.1 years, around 5.7 years longer than men with an unhealthy lifestyle. On average, they suffered from dementia for 1.4 years of those 23.1 years, while men with an unhealthy lifestyle spent 2.1 years of their remaining 17.4 years with dementia.
Prof. Dr. Hans Christoph Diener, spokesperson for the German Society for Neurology (DGN), emphasizes: “The results clearly show that one can actively prevent Alzheimer’s dementia through a healthy lifestyle and gain longevity, especially also in terms of ‘dementia-free’ life years.” The healthier the lifestyle, the greater the effect. Therefore, working on all factors is worthwhile. “There is no reason to give up just because one knows that one cannot change a habit. There are still three or four other ‘levers’ with which one can increase life expectancy.”
This article only contains general information on the respective health topic and is not intended for self-diagnosis, self-treatment, or self-medication. It does not replace a visit to the doctor. Individual questions regarding medical conditions cannot be answered by our editorial team.
Future Trends in Dementia Prevention and Cognitive Health
As dementia continues to be a pressing concern with the population aging, emerging trends in preventing cognitive decline are gaining prominence. With about 1.6 million individuals currently affected in Germany and projections that this number could soar to 150 million by 2050, proactive measures are more critical than ever.
Recent studies, such as the one published in the British Medical Journal, highlight lifestyle changes that can significantly reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. As researchers identify crucial factors — specifically a healthy diet, regular cognitive activity, and physical exercise — a shift in public health strategies is underway. The Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is becoming a cornerstone of nutritional recommendations, emphasizing brain-healthy foods.
Cognitive Engagement as a Priority
Future trends are also likely to place a strong emphasis on cognitive engagement. Activities that challenge the brain, such as reading, solving puzzles, and engaging in social interactions, are proving beneficial. Communities may increasingly offer programs that promote brain fitness, particularly for older adults, giving them opportunities to stay mentally active.
Technology-Driven Solutions
The integration of technology into health care also offers exciting possibilities. Wearable devices and mobile apps that track and encourage brain health activities will become more accessible. These innovations can provide personalized insights and foster adherence to lifestyle changes, making it easier for individuals to maintain cognitive health.
Holistic Wellness Approaches
Holistic approaches will likely gain traction, as studies consistently reveal the interconnectedness of physical and mental health. Antismoking initiatives and awareness campaigns promoting limited alcohol consumption will continue to shape societal behaviors. Over time, individuals will become more educated about the long-term impacts of their lifestyle choices.
Community Support Networks
Communities will play an essential role in future dementia prevention strategies. Support networks tailored for creating environments conducive to cognitive health, including social clubs and active senior centers, will address both activity and interaction needs. This focus not only supports individuals but also fosters connections to reduce social isolation, a significant risk factor for cognitive decline.
Research on Genetics and Behavior
Moreover, ongoing research into genetic predispositions and their interactions with lifestyle factors may lead to more personalized preventative strategies. By understanding unique genetic markers, health professionals can guide individuals in making tailored lifestyle choices that can mitigate their specific risks.