A new study from the University of Michigan suggests that a craving for salty chips or other ultra-processed foods could actually be a sign of addiction. The study, which reviewed 281 studies from 36 different countries, found that 14% of adults and 12% of children showed signs of addiction to ultra-processed foods, according to the Yale Food Addiction Scale. These addiction levels are similar to those seen for alcohol and tobacco.
Ultra-processed foods, such as candy, ice cream, and potato chips, are high in carbohydrates and fats. The study suggests that these foods may meet the criteria for substance use disorder, resulting in biopsychological mechanisms of addiction and clinically significant problems. Part of the reason for their addictive properties is that these foods deliver fats and carbs to the gut faster than minimally processed foods. They also contain flavor and texture additives that could make them more addictive.
Lead researcher Ashley Gearhardt, a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, believes that by acknowledging that certain processed foods have addictive properties, we may be able to improve global health. So far, 103 countries have passed sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, and several others have added nutrition labels to ultra-processed foods. It is essential to understand the addiction to these foods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
However, not everyone agrees that foods can be as addictive as drugs. Erin Palinski-Wade, a dietitian with a focus on diabetes and nutrition, argues that food cravings are complex and tied to emotions and learned behaviors around eating. While foods high in added sugar or fats trigger the release of feel-good chemicals in the brain, she believes that no single food is addictive. Palinski-Wade also asserts that consuming sugar and then reducing or eliminating it from the diet will not result in withdrawal symptoms or side effects.
More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between food and addiction. The University of Michigan study was a review of existing data, and further controlled studies are necessary to determine the impact of different types of food on addiction-like behaviors.
For those struggling with disordered eating, binge-eating, or uncontrolled food cravings, experts recommend working with a therapist or registered dietitian experienced in eating disorders. They can help individuals better understand their behaviors and emotions around food, improve their relationship with food, and decrease cravings and addictive behaviors.
In the meantime, experts suggest filling the majority of meals with minimally processed foods to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods.