In light of recent discussions surrounding the legacy of Alberto Fujimori, Gonzalo Portocarrero’s seminal work, creole Faces of Evil, offers critical insights into the sociocultural dynamics that enabled authoritarianism in Peru. Published in 2004, the book explores the pervasive tendency to violate social norms within a society that has struggled to establish a legitimate collective order since colonial times. Portocarrero argues that this norm-violating behavior, frequently enough seen as a survival tactic rather than a challenge to authority, fosters a culture of complicity and anxiety. As Peru faces a resurgence of authoritarianism, revisiting portocarrero’s analysis becomes essential for understanding the roots of corruption and the societal structures that sustain it.In a thought-provoking analysis,sociologist Gonzalo Portocarrero explores the complex dynamics of identity and morality within Peruvian society,particularly in the context of the Fujimori regime of the 1990s. His work, highlighted in “Creole Faces of Evil,” categorizes societal attitudes into three models: moral, competitor, and cynical. The latter, exemplified by Vladimiro Montesinos, reflects a pervasive culture of self-interest and ethical ambiguity, where individuals prioritize personal gain over communal duty. portocarrero argues that this cynicism is not merely a product of individual failings but is deeply rooted in a hierarchical social structure that perpetuates inequality and undermines collective trust. As the Republic espouses universal equality,the reality reveals a stark contrast,fostering a climate where legal norms are often disregarded,leading to a fragmented society that struggles to unite under shared values.The legacy of Fujimorismo continues to shape Peru’s political landscape, revealing deep contradictions and challenges that threaten the nation’s democratic fabric. As the remnants of this authoritarian regime grapple with a crisis of legitimacy, the Peruvian right finds itself at a crossroads, torn between neoliberal factions that emerged during the tumultuous 1990s and a potential new political force yet to be defined. This ongoing struggle highlights the complexities of governance in a country still reeling from the impacts of past authoritarianism, where the interplay of neoliberal policies and cultural identity raises critical questions about the future of democracy in Peru. For a deeper understanding of these dynamics, explore the analysis of the Fujimori regime’s collapse and its implications for contemporary politics in Peru here and the evolution of the Peruvian right here.
Time.news Interview with Gonzalo Portocarrero on the Legacy of Alberto Fujimori
Q: Thank you for joining us today, Gonzalo. Your work, Creole Faces of Evil, published in 2004, has been crucial in analyzing the sociocultural dynamics that allowed authoritarianism to thrive in Peru. What initially inspired you to tackle this subject?
A: Thank you for having me. The inspiration came from observing the recurring patterns of governance in Peru, especially in light of the chaotic political landscape during and after Alberto Fujimori’s regime in the 1990s. I realized that these authoritarian tendencies were not merely individual aberrations but were deeply embedded in the fabric of our society, rooted in ancient struggles to establish a legitimate collective order since colonial times.
Q: In your book, you discuss the pervasive violation of social norms. How do you see this behaviour as a survival tactic rather than a challenge to authority?
A: This phenomenon is quite significant in understanding Peruvian society. Many individuals often resort to norm-violating behaviors as pragmatic responses to systemic inequality and social instability. Rather of confronting authority directly, which can be perilous, some people choose to navigate through the cracks of the system, leading to a culture of complicity where such behaviors become normalized. This creates a cycle of anxiety and mistrust, as people become suspicious of each other while trying to survive in a framework that seems designed against their collective interests.
Q: You categorize societal attitudes into three models: moral, competitor, and cynical.Can you elaborate on the cynical model and it’s implications for Peruvian society?
A: Certainly. The cynical model is particularly important becuase it encapsulates a widespread attitude manifesting as self-interest over communal welfare. this is embodied by figures like Vladimiro Montesinos, who exploited the existing hierarchy for personal gain.This cynicism is not merely an individual failing but a reflection of a broader social structure that perpetuates inequality, leading to an erosion of trust in institutions. When legal norms are regularly ignored, it fractures society, making it difficult to rally around shared values.
Q: Considering the resurgence of authoritarianism in Peru, how relevant do you believe your analysis is today?
A: My analysis is more relevant than ever. As we witness a resurgence of authoritarian practices,understanding the roots of these dynamics can help us navigate contemporary challenges. The legacy of Fujimorismo continues to influence political behavior and social interactions in Peru. The country is at a crossroads, grappling with how to redefine itself politically while facing a crisis of legitimacy for the remnants of that regime. Recognizing these patterns can empower us to promote a discourse that prioritizes democracy and equity.
Q: The right in Peru seems to be struggling between old neoliberal factions and a new undefined political force. What insights can you provide on this political landscape?
A: The rift within the Peruvian right highlights the complexity of governance in a society still grappling with the implications of past authoritarianism. As neoliberal policies face scrutiny, the political right is compelled to redefine its identity and purpose. This ongoing struggle raises questions about the future of democracy in Peru. The challenge will be to balance past influences with the need for a more inclusive, equitable political framework that addresses the demands of a populace weary of corruption and inequality.
Q: As a final thought,what practical advice would you offer to activists and political leaders who seek to foster a more democratic society in Peru?
A: My advice would be to prioritize dialogue and community engagement. Leaders and activists must work to rebuild trust within communities and between citizens and institutions. fostering a culture of accountability and transparency is essential. Individuals should be encouraged to challenge the status quo not just in theory but through active participation in the democratic process. Moreover,addressing social inequalities and creating inclusive policies can help rally a fragmented society around shared values,paving the way toward a more robust democracy.
Q: Thank you,Gonzalo,for sharing your insights. This discussion sheds light on the intricate dynamics shaping Peru’s political landscape today.
A: Thank you for the engaging conversation. Understanding our past is key to building a better future.