New Research Reveals the Genetic Consequences of Historical Plagues
A recent study published in the journal Cell Genomics has shed new light on the genetic impact of historical plagues on human populations. The research, conducted by a team of scientists led by Gaspard Kerner from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, examined the genomes of 2,879 Europeans spanning from the Neolithic era to the present day.
The study found that many gene variants associated with increased immunity have become more prevalent over the past 10,000 years. However, these same genetic variants have also been linked to a higher risk of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks the body.
“What saves you might come back to haunt your descendants,” said Kerner, emphasizing the dual nature of these protective gene variants. While they may have helped individuals survive past epidemics, they now contribute to the rising prevalence of autoimmune diseases, which affect an estimated 1 in 10 people.
The researchers also noted that most of the genetic changes occurred in the past 4,500 years, suggesting that the advent of densely populated agricultural societies may have increased exposure to infectious diseases. The trade-off between increased immunity and heightened susceptibility to autoimmune disorders was particularly evident when studying the survival of individuals during the Black Death.
“This pattern suggests that long-ago events could have contributed to the modern rise in autoimmune disease,” explained Tauras Vilgalys, a geneticist at the University of Chicago.
The study’s findings not only provide insights into the genetic consequences of historical plagues but also open doors for new avenues of research. By studying individual gene variants and their effects on the immune system, researchers hope to develop targeted treatments or interventions for autoimmune diseases.
Harmit Malik, an evolutionary biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, commented on the significance of the research, stating, “Genes that enable survival of a clear and present danger may well have significant downsides.” Understanding and unraveling these genetic trade-offs could potentially lead to breakthroughs in treating and preventing autoimmune diseases.
Each gene variant identified in this study represents a story of human ancestry and the compromises made throughout history. “I find that really fascinating,” said Malik, highlighting the importance of delving into our genetic past to better understand our present and future health.
As scientists continue to explore the connections between historical epidemics, genetic variants, and the rise of autoimmune diseases, a deeper understanding of our immune system’s complexities may pave the way for more targeted and personalized healthcare approaches in the future.