2023-08-10 14:42:58
Millions of Americans who regularly take proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to treat heartburn and acid reflux may face a higher risk of developing dementia, according to a new study published in the Journal of Neurological Medicine. The research, conducted by a team at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, found that people over the age of 45 who took PPIs for more than four years had a 33 percent higher risk of developing dementia compared to those who never took the drugs.
PPIs are commonly used to reduce stomach acid and treat symptoms of acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a more severe form of acid reflux. They work by targeting the enzymes in the stomach lining that produce acid. These drugs are widely available over the counter and are often used to manage heartburn.
The study analyzed data from a population-based study of 5,712 individuals aged 45 to 64 who did not have dementia at the start of the research. Of the participants, around 26 percent took PPIs during the study period. After adjusting for various factors such as age, gender, and health conditions, the researchers found that among those who took PPIs for about four and a half years, 58 developed dementia. In comparison, among those who did not take PPIs, 415 developed dementia. The researchers did not find a greater risk for individuals who took the drugs for less than 4.4 years.
The study does have some limitations. Participants were asked about their medication use only once a year, which may lead to inaccurate estimates if they stopped and restarted taking PPIs. Additionally, it is unclear whether participants took PPIs with or without a prescription.
The researchers proposed several possible links between PPI overuse and dementia, including vitamin B12 deficiency and impaired amyloid metabolism. Some studies have shown that the use of acid reflux drugs may be associated with lower levels of vitamin B12, which is known to affect thinking and memory. However, the study did not have data on the participants’ B12 levels. Moreover, researchers believe that PPIs may alter enzymes in the brain that contribute to the buildup of amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
Experts suggest that individuals who have been taking PPIs for more than four years should discuss alternative options with their doctors. Abruptly stopping these medications may exacerbate symptoms. For those with frequent acid reflux, antacids can offer relief by neutralizing stomach acid. Another option is H2 blockers, which take longer to take effect but provide longer-lasting relief. Some patients may also need to reevaluate their use of PPIs, as they are often overused or taken for mild symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as modifying diet and avoiding late meals, can help reduce the need for PPIs. Additionally, losing weight can alleviate symptoms, as being overweight is a risk factor for acid reflux.
More research is needed to confirm the link between long-term PPI use and an increased risk of dementia. In the meantime, patients are advised to consult their doctors and disclose any over-the-counter medications they may be taking.]
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