Diabetes is no longer a rare disease but a reality that affects the lives of millions of people worldwide. According to figures from the German Diabetes Aid, about eleven million people in Germany are currently affected by this disease. Early signs of a diabetes disorder before a diagnosis can include increased thirst, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. But when does it actually become dangerous for diabetes patients, i.e., when is the blood sugar level too high or too low? This article explores that question.
Diabetes: At what level does it become dangerous?
In a healthy adult, the fasting blood sugar level, after 8 to 10 hours without food intake, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is between 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/l) and 100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l).
To explain: The concentration of glucose in the blood, also referred to as blood sugar levels, can be measured in two different units: “milligrams per deciliter” (mg/dl) or “millimoles per liter” (mmol/l). The internationally most commonly used unit is mmol/l. The mg/dl measurement refers to the weight of the dissolved sugar particles per volume, while the mmol/l measurement calculates the number of dissolved sugar particles, i.e., the amount of substance, per volume.
A diagnosis of diabetes is made, according to the Diabetes Information Portal, when laboratory values of 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) or higher are measured, regardless of whether and what the person has eaten beforehand. A further measurement is then taken in a fasting state—meaning the affected person has not consumed food for 8 to 12 hours. If the person then shows a value of 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or greater, it is very likely that diabetes mellitus is present. However, these values only indicate when a diabetes disorder could be present. But at what levels does it become dangerous for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Target values for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes typically lie between 100-125 mg/dl when fasting. Anything outside of this spectrum is generally not desired. According to diabinfo.de, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in diabetes patients is indicated by the following values:
- Over 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) up to 250 mg/dl (13.9 mmol/l) = Mild Hyperglycemia
- Over 250 mg/dl (13.9 mmol/l) = Severe Hyperglycemia with signs of ketoacidosis, which can lead to diabetic coma
- Under 70 mg/dl (3.3 mmol/l) = Hypoglycemia
Diabetes: What can happen during hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
So what happens if a person is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic? According to gesundheitsinformation.de, the symptoms of hyperglycemia are not always immediately noticeable and can remain unnoticed for years. Signs include intense thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, lack of drive, nausea, and dizziness. These symptoms are among the first signs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
In severe cases, very high blood sugar levels can lead to consciousness disturbances leading to diabetic coma. For people who already have a diabetes diagnosis, such complaints may indicate that treatment needs to be adjusted. This may involve prescription or adjustment of medications to lower blood sugar levels, and in some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to regulate blood sugar.
Hypoglycemia, as the name suggests, refers to a severe drop in blood sugar. Symptoms may include a rapid pulse, cold sweat, pale complexion, headaches, hunger, trembling, restlessness, nervousness, difficulties concentrating, and confusion, according to gesundheitsinformation.de. The intensity of the symptoms, however, depends on the individual’s blood sugar level and can vary.
A mild hypoglycemic episode is usually not harmful, but severe hypoglycemia can lead to unconsciousness and be life-threatening. In such cases, quick action is important by consuming sugar in the form of glucose tablets or sugary soda. People with type 1 diabetes often carry a ready-made injection of glucagon for emergencies, a hormone that prompts the liver to release sugar into the bloodstream.
In general, the German Diabetes Society recommends that affected individuals know the symptoms and risks of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and regularly check their blood sugar levels to identify and treat potential problems early. A balanced diet and regular physical activity are also crucial to keeping blood sugar levels within the target range. The German Diabetes Society recommends adhering to a dietary plan tailored to individual needs and incorporating regular physical activity into daily life to increase insulin sensitivity and stabilize blood sugar levels. These measures not only help minimize acute risks but also contribute to an improved quality of life in the long term.
By the way: Diabetes manifests differently depending on age and gender. In fact, the symptoms of diabetes in men are different from those in children. A significant amount of belly fat can also indicate insulin resistance.
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Ann-Katrin Hahner
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Diabetes
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Blood Sugar Level
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Diabetes continues to affect millions around the globe, with a significant number of cases emerging in Germany. As awareness of diabetes symptoms grows, including increased thirst, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss, the focus is shifting toward managing blood sugar levels effectively. The implications of high and low blood sugar levels are now being scrutinized, igniting discussions about emerging trends in diabetes care.
Potential Future Trends in Diabetes Management
As the prevalence of diabetes rises, innovations in monitoring and treatment are key. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are gaining traction, providing real-time insights into blood sugar levels. This technology enables patients to react promptly to fluctuations, significantly reducing the risk of serious complications. The integration of such devices with smartphones heralds a new era of personalized diabetes management, allowing for tailored dietary and lifestyle guidance.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence
Another promising trend is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting blood sugar trends. AI algorithms can analyze patterns and predict the likelihood of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, providing proactive measures for patients. This shift towards preventative care could dramatically enhance the quality of life for those affected by diabetes by minimizing the risks associated with extreme blood sugar levels.
Diet and Lifestyle Interventions
A growing emphasis on nutrition and lifestyle changes as essential components of diabetes management is also emerging. Research suggests that individualized dietary plans can improve insulin sensitivity and help stabilize blood sugar levels. This focus on personalized nutrition, coupled with routine physical activity, could transform diabetes care from a purely medical approach to a holistic framework addressing overall health and well-being.
Community Support and Education
Lastly, there is a notable trend towards enhancing community support and education for diabetes patients. Initiatives aimed at raising awareness about the symptoms and risks associated with diabetes will become crucial. By fostering a supportive environment where individuals can access reliable information and peer support, the tendency to neglect symptoms will likely diminish, enabling earlier interventions and better management.