Compost Crisis: Will Bioplastics Contaminate the Future of Soil Health?
California’s ambitious composting programs, designed to reduce landfill waste and enrich farmland, face a potential collapse as a debate over the future of “compostable” plastics intensifies. A looming decision by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) could open the door to allowing bioplastics into the organic waste stream, a move fiercely opposed by composting experts who warn of potential contamination and damage to soil health.
For nearly three decades, Greg Pryor, director of landfill and organics at Recology, has been at the forefront of turning food scraps and yard waste into valuable compost. Beginning with San Francisco in 1996, pryor now oversees nine industrial-sized composting sites across California and oregon, processing discarded materials into a nutrient-rich soil coveted by farmers. His company processes organic waste from across the Bay Area, Central Valley, Northern California, Oregon, and Washington, contributing to a growing movement to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. But Pryor fears this system is under threat.
At issue is a 2021 California law, Assembly Bill 1201, which sets strict standards for products labeled “compostable.” The law mandates that thes products must fully break down into compost without introducing toxic chemicals or contaminating soil, and must be easily identifiable within the waste stream. Critically, AB 1201 aligns with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Organic Program requirements, restricting compost feedstock to plant and animal materials, excluding synthetic substances – including most plastics and bioplastics – with limited exceptions for recycled paper.
Though, the compostable plastics and packaging industry is pushing for a change. A trade group has petitioned the USDA to reconsider these requirements, and a ruling is expected this fall. Concurrently, the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) has delayed implementing its own rules for AB 1201, originally slated for January 1, 2026, untill June 30, 2027, pending the outcome of the USDA review.
Pryor is deeply concerned that a more lenient USDA ruling would allow plastics to infiltrate the compost supply, rendering it unsaleable to farmers and undermining the core purpose of composting: improving soil and crop health. “Plastics, microplastics, and toxic chemicals can hurt and kill the microorganisms that make our compost healthy and valued,” he explained. Research suggests these materials can also pose risks to the health of crops grown in contaminated soil. Farmers, he insists, are uniformly opposed to accepting plastic in their compost. “If you ask farmers, hey, do you mind plastic in your compost? Every one of them will say no. Nobody wants it,” Pryor stated.
Reader question:-How can consumers distinguish between truly compostable plastics and those that may contaminate compost systems?
The manufacturers of bioplastic packaging, however, view the USDA decision as an existential matter. Companies producing bioplastic bags, cups, and containers made from materials like corn, kelp, or sugarcane argue that their products offer a viable choice to conventional plastics, which contribute to landfill waste and ocean pollution. They contend that California’s move toward requiring all single-use plastic packaging to be either recyclable or compostable by 2032 hinges on the acceptance of these materials.
“As we move forward, not only are you capturing all this material… such as coffee grounds, but there isn’t really another packaging solution in terms of finding an end of life,” for these products, said Alex Truelove, senior policy manager for the Biodegradable Product Institute (BPI), a trade association representing compostable packaging producers.Truelove also highlighted the convenience factor, suggesting compostable bin liners could encourage greater participation in food waste separation programs.
Did you know?-Composting reduces methane emissions from landfills. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, trapping considerably more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a shorter period.
The BPI, whose board includes representatives from major chemical and packaging companies like BASF, Dart Container, Eastman Chemical, and PepsiCo, is actively lobbying both federal and state governments to approve its products for inclusion in the compost stream. The organization also operates a certification program, validating the compostability of packaging for facilities across the U.S. and Canada.
However, a report commissioned by the USDA and released in April by the Organics Material Review Institute raises serious concerns. The report highlighted the potential for bioplastics to leave behind microplastics in the soil, introduce “forever chemicals” like PFAS, and contain undisclosed synthetic additives.”Roughly half of all bioplastics produced are non-biodegradable,” the authors
Decoding “Compostable”: Separating Fact from Fiction
The rise of bioplastics presents a complex challenge for consumers eager to reduce their environmental footprint. Many products are labeled “compostable,” but the reality of their decomposition can be far more nuanced than the label suggests. Understanding the difference is key to ensuring that your efforts to compost actually benefit the environment rather than causing unintended harm.
The central issue revolves around the distinction between “compostable” and “biodegradable.” While both terms imply a breakdown of materials, they differ substantially in their requirements. “Biodegradable” simply means a substance can break down naturally. However, “compostable” has specific criteria: the material must break down in a composting environment, leaving no harmful residues and enriching the soil.This is where the confusion arises, and where concerns, like Greg Pryor’s, are most pertinent.
Where Do Compostable Plastics go?
Many products labeled “compostable” are only designed to break down in commercial composting facilities. These facilities use specific conditions, including high temperatures and controlled environments, to ensure the complete breakdown of organic waste.
Sadly, many facilities do not accept “compostable” foodware or packaging because of potential contamination. Concerns over microplastics and chemical residues are leading facilities to err on the side of caution, refusing these materials altogether [[1]].
Consumer Confusion: The Home Composting Conundrum
Adding to the problem, the average home compost pile rarely reaches the temperatures required to break down these bioplastics. This means that rather of decomposing, these materials may persist in the compost or create microplastic pollution.
Consumers are left to navigate a confusing landscape of labels and claims. Here’s how to make informed choices:
- Check for Certifications: Look for certifications like BPI (Biodegradable Products Institute) to ensure the product meets specific compostability standards. Though, it’s essential to remember that even BPI-certified products may not be accepted at all composting facilities.
- Understand Facility Requirements: Before purchasing “compostable” items, check the specific guidelines for your local composting facility or your home composting setup. Call your compost facility or check online to ensure they accept the items.
- Read the Fine Print: Pay close attention to the product’s label. Does it specify “commercial composting only”? This is an important warning.
- Consider Alternatives: Opt for products made from truly compostable materials such as paper, cardboard, or plant-based materials that are readily accepted in most composting systems.
- reduce and reuse: The most sustainable options often involve reducing consumption and reusing whenever possible.
The risks of Bioplastics: Beyond the Compost Pile
The potential downsides of bioplastics extend beyond the fate of the compost pile. Recent studies suggest that certain “compostable” plastics may release harmful toxins as they degrade. A study indicates that these plastics can release more harmful toxins into the environment compared to conventional plastic bags [[2]].
Essentially,the risks of contaminating soil and impacting crop health cast doubt on the overall environmental benefits of compostable plastics.
The USDA’s upcoming decision could significantly shape the future of composting. The debate underscores the need for clearer labeling, more robust standards, and greater public awareness about the complex realities of these materials. As the composting movement grows, it’s critical to ensure practices truly benefit both human and environmental health.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between “compostable” and “biodegradable”?
“Biodegradable” means a material can break down naturally. “Compostable” has stricter requirements, meaning the material must break down in a composting environment and leave no harmful residues, enriching the soil.
How can I tell if a “compostable” product is truly compostable at home?
Home composting rarely reaches the high temperatures needed for commercial “compostable” plastics. If a product’s label indicates it is for commercial composting only, it will not break down in a home compost pile.
Are all bioplastics good for the environment?
Not necessarily. Some bioplastics may require specific conditions to break down, and not all are accepted at commercial composting facilities. Some bioplastics might even release harmful toxins.
What should I do with “compostable” products if my local facility does not accept them?
If your local facility does not accept compostable plastics, it’s best to avoid them. If you occasionally use them, consider contacting your local waste management agency to gather proper disposal instructions or options.
How can I be sure I am making the right choices?
Look for certifications, check with your local composting facility, and consider alternatives such as reusable solutions or plant-based, compostable options. Always read the fine print and understand product specifications.
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