Experts around the world rank ’10 emerging viral diseases in the future’ All 10 genomes of viruses are RNA. quickly mutate
medical genome center Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University ranks ’10 viral diseases that may emerge in the future’ All 10 genomes of viruses are “RNA”, mutating rapidly. Genomic surveillance is important, and most of the time there are no preventive vaccines or antiretrovirals for treatment. for the trend that COVID-19 the first quarter of this year It is becoming an endemic disease that is under control of public health in many countries.
For emerging diseases, it means a new type of infectious disease or it may be the same type of disease that we know before but has recently mutated to become more severe. Or pathogens that we know but recently spread to new areas, new countries, or new populations. Examples of emerging diseases include SARS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19, infectious diseases that are at risk of emerging and spreading around the world in the future. The World Health Organization has identified 9 diseases, most of them viral infections. While experts around the world have ranked 10 types of viruses that are at risk of infecting the world, they are somewhat different from the World Health Organization’s list.
The World Health Organization makes a list. important emerging diseases that may cause a public health emergency And currently there are no adequate preventive measures or treatments. There are currently 9 diseases, most of which are viral infections. Experts around the world have ranked the top 10 infectious diseases that may cause a global epidemic (Pandemic), from high to low risk, which are all RNA viruses as follows:
- Coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) The disease nest is believed to be bats. It is possible that warm-blooded animals were intermediaries before the outbreak to humans. The incubation period ranges from 2-14 days, with an average of 5 days. Common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and body aches. and loss of taste or smell The mortality rate is estimated to be around 2-3%.
- influenza virus (Influenzavirus) Disease nests include birds, pigs and humans. The incubation period ranges from 1-4 days, on average 2 days. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose. Body aches, headaches and fatigue. Mortality rates vary depending on many factors. but generally less than 1%.
- Ebola virus (Ebola) The nest is believed to be a fruit bat. And there may be other animals such as primates, antelopes and porcupines as well. The incubation period ranges from 2-21 days, with an average of 8-10 days. The general symptoms are fever, severe headache. Muscle pain, weakness, tiredness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unexplained bleeding. The mortality rate is as high as 90%.
- Zika virus Primates are believed to have disease nests. with mosquitoes as vectors for spreading the infection The incubation period ranges from 3-14 days, with an average of 3-7 days. Common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis. low mortality But infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
- hanta virus The incubation period is 1-8 weeks, with an average of 2-4 weeks. Common symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, cough and shortness of breath, which may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary edema. can be fatal Mortality rate up to 50%.
- Marburg virus It is believed that the disease nest is a fruit-eating bat. Other animals such as mammals, pigs and rodents are also possible. The incubation period ranges from 2-21 days, with an average of 5-10 days. Common symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, and bleeding. Mortality rate up to 88%.
- Nipah virus The disease nest is believed to be fruit-eating bats. with the pig as the medium The incubation period ranges from 4-14 days, with an average of 5-10 days. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, vomiting and acute respiratory infections. Mortality rate up to 75%.
- MERS-CoV believed that the nest was a dromedary camel The bat may have served as the original source. The incubation period ranges from 2-14 days, with an average of 5-6 days. Common symptoms include fever, cough and difficulty breathing. This can progress to severe respiratory disease and potentially fatal pneumonia. The mortality rate is estimated to be around 35%.
- Lassa fever virus believe that the disease nest is a rodent The incubation period ranges from 6-21 days, with an average of 10-14 days. Common symptoms include fever, weakness, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, vomiting and diarrhea, which may develop into severe dengue fever. Mortality rate up to 20%.
- chikungunya virus The nests are mammals, rodents, and birds, with mosquitoes as vectors for transmission. The incubation period ranges from 2-12 days, with an average of 3-7 days. Common symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain, muscle pain and headache. The mortality rate is low. But symptoms can last for months or even years. Joint pain can be severe and debilitating.
Because most of the 10 viruses do not have a vaccine to prevent and an approved antiviral drug to treat. Basic self-defense, such as “eat hot food – serving spoons – wash hands (with soap)-drink clean water (Boiled) – prevents animal bites or mosquito bites” is therefore extremely important in preventing each type of virus from spreading to people from many routes such as
• Respiratory spray or droplets: SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, Ebola virus, MERS-CoV.
This method of transmission can be prevented by wearing a surgical mask or head-mounted respirator. Avoid close contact with sick people. and improving the ventilation and air filtration systems in buildings that treat infected people.
• Transmitted through bodily fluids: Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Lassa virus.
This type of transmission can be prevented by avoiding contact with the blood, vomit, or body secretions of an infected person or from an infected animal. Healthcare workers must use personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients. And conduct a safe burial where relatives must not approach or touch the body of the deceased. Clothes and utensils of the deceased must be disinfected. The effective method is incineration.
• Spread by saliva, faeces, urine from infected animals: hanta virus, nipah virus.
to prevent the spread of infection in this way You can avoid touching or eating rodents or bats. If it is necessary to eat fruit or juice (Contaminated with saliva of these animals) should be cooked before eating. Cover holes and cracks in your home to prevent rodent access. and store food and waste in covered containers.
• Mosquito bites: Zika virus, Chikungunya virus
to prevent the spread of infection in this way You can apply insect repellent to your skin and clothes. Wear long sleeves and long pants when outdoors. and eliminate mosquito breeding sites around the house or in the community by eliminating stagnant water sources