Scientists have identified genes in immune cells that link Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, while a genetic variant increases MS susceptibility after EBV infection, according to recent studies.
Researchers have uncovered new genetic connections between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS), revealing how specific immune-cell genes may influence disease risk. A study published in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders identified 37 genes associated with MS and EBV, including APOM and PLEK, which showed varying effects across immune cell types. These findings, combined with insights into genetic variants like HLA-E*01:01, offer a clearer picture of why EBV infection raises MS risk for some individuals but not others.
Genetic Variants and EBV Infection
A study in the European Journal of Neurology highlighted the HLA-E*01:01 genetic variant as a key factor in MS risk after EBV infection. Researchers found that individuals with this variant who had infectious mononucleosis (mono) were significantly more likely to develop MS than those without the variant or those who never had mono.
This discovery aligns with earlier research suggesting that genetic susceptibility is necessary for EBV to act as an MS risk factor. The study, which analyzed data from 487,000 UK Biobank participants, underscores the interplay between viral infection and inherited immune traits.
Ancient DNA Reveals MS Risk Evolution
Analysis of ancient DNA has shed light on the historical prevalence of MS risk genes, including HLA-DRB1*15:01, which triples MS risk.
The study also noted that while genetic factors explain about 30% of MS risk, environmental triggers like EBV infection play a critical role. The findings could offer clues as to why only a small fraction of people develop MS despite the fact that over 90% of the global population are infected with EBV,
wrote Lisa Kiani of Nature Reviews Neurology, highlighting the complex interplay between genetics and environment.
Early Detection and Risk Stratification
Researchers are developing methods to detect MS risk before symptoms appear. By analyzing MRI scans of first-degree relatives of MS patients, they identify brain lesions linked to the disease. A study found that 10- to 20-fold higher risk in these individuals could be mitigated through early intervention. We’re helping people maintain their level of functioning by identifying them at the earliest possible minute,
said neurologist Teri Schreiner.
Some genes interact with certain environmental factors, potentially becoming a trigger through that interaction,
said John Corboy, co-director of the Rocky Mountain MS Center. This approach could lead to personalized prevention strategies, though further validation is needed.
What’s Next for MS Research?
While these studies advance understanding of EBV’s role in MS, challenges remain. Computational analyses of potential therapies targeting genes like APOM and PLEK require rigorous stepwise validation in cell models, computer-based testing, and animal models before progressing to human studies,
cautioned the Multiplesclerosisnewstoday team. Meanwhile, the HLA-E*01:01 variant’s mechanism is still under investigation, with researchers calling for larger population studies.
The next steps involve translating these findings into clinical tools. Early detection methods and genetic screening could transform MS care, but experts stress the need for caution. As the scientific community continues to unravel the EBV-MS connection, the focus remains on improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for millions affected worldwide.
