Kyiv – Patriarch Filaret, the controversial and influential leader who spearheaded the decades-long struggle for an independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church free from the authority of Moscow, has died at the age of 97. His passing marks the end of an era in Ukrainian religious and political life, leaving behind a complex legacy of devotion, division, and national identity. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate), which he led for years, confirmed his death on Friday, May 3, 2024, after a prolonged illness. Reuters reported the news, highlighting the significance of his role in shaping modern Ukraine.
For decades, Filaret, born Mykhailo Denysenko, was a central figure in the Ukrainian Orthodox world, navigating a treacherous landscape of political pressure and religious allegiance. His efforts culminated in the creation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) in 2018, a landmark event that challenged the centuries-old dominance of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church affiliated with the Russian Orthodox Church. This move, however, as well triggered a schism within Ukrainian Orthodoxy, with some remaining loyal to Moscow. The struggle for an independent Ukrainian Orthodox church was deeply intertwined with Ukraine’s broader quest for sovereignty, particularly in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
A Life Dedicated to Ukrainian Orthodoxy
Born in Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, in 1927, Filaret’s early life was marked by hardship, including surviving the Nazi occupation during World War II. He entered a seminary in 1948 and rose through the ranks of the Russian Orthodox Church, eventually becoming a metropolitan. However, his growing advocacy for greater autonomy for the Ukrainian church brought him into conflict with Moscow. The Associated Press details how Filaret’s push for independence led to his dismissal from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1992.
Despite the dismissal, Filaret continued his work, establishing the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, which operated outside the canonical structure recognized by most of the Orthodox world. For years, this church existed in a state of unrecognized autocephaly, seeking international legitimacy. His leadership was often characterized by strong nationalist views and a willingness to engage in political maneuvering to advance the cause of Ukrainian Orthodoxy. This approach garnered both fervent support and fierce criticism.
The Path to Autocephaly and the Creation of the OCU
The turning point came in 2018 when Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople, the spiritual leader of Orthodox Christians worldwide, granted autocephaly – full independence – to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, effectively recognizing its separation from Moscow. This decision, a culmination of years of lobbying by Filaret and Ukrainian political leaders, was vehemently opposed by the Russian Orthodox Church, which viewed it as an infringement on its canonical territory.
The creation of the OCU in December 2018, with Filaret as its honorary patriarch, was a historic moment for Ukraine. It represented a significant step towards consolidating Ukrainian national identity and reducing the influence of Russia within the country. However, the process was not without its challenges. The transfer of parishes from the Moscow-affiliated church to the OCU was often contentious, and the recent church faced resistance from within Ukraine as well.
Controversies and Later Years
Filaret’s later years were marked by internal disputes within the OCU. In 2019, he was stripped of his patriarchal title by the church’s governing council, a move that stemmed from disagreements over the church’s structure and his continued assertion of the title “Patriarch of Kyiv.” Despite this, he remained a highly influential figure, continuing to advocate for a stronger Ukrainian Orthodox presence and a complete break from Moscow. The reasons for his removal were complex, involving questions of canonical order and the desire to secure broader international recognition for the OCU.
The timing of Filaret’s death is particularly poignant, occurring amidst Russia’s ongoing full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The conflict has further intensified the debate over religious identity and the role of the Orthodox Church in Ukrainian society. The Russian Orthodox Church has openly supported the Kremlin’s war, while the OCU has unequivocally condemned it, solidifying the divide between the two churches. His legacy is now inextricably linked to Ukraine’s fight for survival and its determination to forge its own path, free from external interference.
The Orthodox Church of Ukraine has announced a period of mourning, and funeral arrangements are pending. Metropolitan Epiphanius, the current head of the OCU, has expressed his condolences, acknowledging Filaret’s pivotal role in establishing the independent church. The future of the OCU remains uncertain, but Filaret’s vision of a self-governing Ukrainian Orthodoxy will undoubtedly continue to shape its trajectory.
As Ukraine continues to navigate the complexities of war and reconstruction, the question of religious independence remains a vital component of its national identity. The Ukrainian government and religious leaders are expected to continue working towards consolidating the OCU’s position and fostering interfaith dialogue. Further updates on funeral arrangements and official statements can be found on the Orthodox Church of Ukraine’s official website.
Patriarch Filaret’s life was a testament to unwavering dedication and a fierce commitment to Ukrainian independence. His passing leaves a void in the Ukrainian religious landscape, but his legacy will endure as a symbol of national aspiration and spiritual resilience.
If you are feeling distressed by the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, resources are available to facilitate. You can find support and information from organizations like the U.S. Agency for International Development and the United Nations Ukraine Response.
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