Berlin – As German Chancellor Friedrich Merz prepares for his first official visit to Beijing, a critical debate is unfolding both within Germany and across the European Union regarding the appropriate strategy for navigating the complex relationship with China. This trip arrives at a moment when China’s growing economic influence is prompting concerns about competitiveness and as the EU seeks a unified approach, particularly given perceived uncertainties surrounding the reliability of the United States. The core of the discussion centers on how to balance economic engagement with the need to address China’s assertive international posture and its support for Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine.
Merz, ahead of the visit, has publicly articulated a frank assessment of China’s role on the global stage. He argues that Beijing is deliberately cultivating economic dependencies on other nations, actively working to reshape the existing international order, and is rapidly closing the gap in military capabilities with the United States. This assessment, shared by an increasing number of German policymakers, underscores the urgency of a coordinated European response to China’s actions. The situation is further complicated by the fact that, according to German officials, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s ability to sustain his four-year-long war in Ukraine is heavily reliant on support from China.
A Shift in German Foreign Policy
The upcoming visit signals a broader shift in Germany’s foreign policy, moving away from a traditionally cautious approach. In June 2025, Friedrich Merz assumed office and quickly began reshaping the country’s international strategy, signaling an end to what some described as a long era of strategic hesitation. As Daniela Schwarzer noted, Merz appears determined to see Germany assume geopolitical responsibilities commensurate with its economic and diplomatic strength. This “Zeitenwende,” or historic turning point, promises a more assertive German role in global affairs.
This change in tone isn’t happening in isolation. The EU is actively working to formulate a cohesive China strategy, recognizing the need for a unified front to effectively address the challenges posed by Beijing. However, achieving this unity is proving difficult, as member states hold differing views on how to balance economic interests with security concerns. The perceived unreliability of the United States, as mentioned in the context of Merz’s visit, adds another layer of complexity, prompting Europe to consider greater strategic autonomy.
China’s Economic Influence and German Concerns
A key driver of the current debate is China’s growing economic prowess. The country’s export capabilities are putting pressure on German industries, sparking a national conversation about competitiveness. German businesses are increasingly concerned about losing market share to Chinese companies, particularly in sectors like manufacturing and technology. This concern is fueling calls for greater protectionist measures and a reevaluation of Germany’s economic relationship with China. The debate extends beyond simple trade imbalances; it encompasses concerns about intellectual property theft, unfair competition, and the potential for China to leverage its economic power for political gain.
The situation is further complicated by China’s role in supporting Russia’s war in Ukraine. German policymakers have repeatedly emphasized that Putin would struggle to continue the conflict without Beijing’s backing. This support takes various forms, including economic assistance, diplomatic cover, and the provision of critical technologies. The EU is considering further sanctions against China in response to its support for Russia, but such measures would likely have significant economic consequences for both sides.
The Need for a Unified European Approach
Daniela Schwarzer argues that a European solution is essential to effectively address the challenges posed by China. A fragmented approach, with individual member states pursuing their own agendas, would only weaken Europe’s position and allow China to exploit divisions. A unified strategy would allow the EU to speak with a stronger voice, negotiate more effectively, and coordinate its policies in a way that maximizes its leverage. This strategy would need to encompass a range of issues, including trade, investment, technology, security, and human rights.
However, forging such a unified approach is proving to be a significant challenge. Member states have differing economic interests and political priorities. Some countries, like Germany, are heavily reliant on trade with China, while others are more concerned about security risks. Bridging these differences will require compromise and a willingness to prioritize the collective interests of the EU over individual national interests.
Looking Ahead: Merz’s Visit and Beyond
Chancellor Merz’s visit to Beijing is therefore being closely watched as a test of Europe’s ability to present a united front. The outcome of the visit could have significant implications for the future of the EU-China relationship. A strong and coordinated European response would send a clear signal to Beijing that Europe is determined to defend its interests and values. However, a weak or divided response could embolden China and further undermine Europe’s credibility.
Beyond the immediate outcome of the visit, the broader strategic challenge remains: how to navigate a world in which China is an increasingly powerful and assertive actor. The EU will need to develop a long-term strategy that balances economic engagement with the need to protect its security interests and promote its values. This will require a sustained commitment to investment in innovation, strengthening its own industrial base, and fostering closer cooperation with like-minded partners around the world. The next key development to watch will be the EU’s formal articulation of its China strategy, expected in the coming months.
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