Rates of syphilis among pregnant women in the United States are the highest they’ve been in three decades, a new report from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reveals. The concerning trend shows a 28% increase in maternal syphilis cases between 2022 and 2024, following a 222% surge between 2016 and 2022. This rise in syphilis rates in pregnant women underscores a critical public health challenge, as the infection can have devastating consequences for both mother and child.
Syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, is a sexually transmitted infection that can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Critically, it can also be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth, resulting in congenital syphilis. This can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, and even infant death. Infants born with congenital syphilis can experience lifelong health problems, including severe neurological issues, bone deformities, and developmental delays.
The Rising Numbers and Disparities
The NCHS report details the extent of the increase. The rate of maternal syphilis rose from 280.4 cases per 100,000 births in 2022 to 324.6 in 2023, and further to 357.9 in 2024. While the increase is widespread, This proves not evenly distributed across all demographic groups. The most significant increases were observed among American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic mothers (a 52% increase), Hispanic mothers (31%), Black non-Hispanic mothers (30%), and White non-Hispanic mothers (23%) between 2022 and 2024. Rates also rose for Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander mothers, though the changes were less dramatic.
Early detection is key, as syphilis is treatable with antibiotics, even during pregnancy. Yet, the increasing rates suggest that many pregnant women are not being adequately screened or are not receiving timely treatment. The CDC has emphasized that nearly 90% of congenital syphilis cases in 2022 were linked to a lack of timely testing and treatment during pregnancy.
Barriers to Prenatal Care and Screening
Access to consistent prenatal care is a crucial factor in preventing congenital syphilis. Prenatal care typically includes routine screening for sexually transmitted infections, including syphilis, usually at the first appointment. Many states mandate syphilis screening at that initial visit, with some also requiring testing during the third trimester and at delivery. However, significant barriers prevent many women from receiving this essential care.
Financial constraints, such as lack of health insurance or high deductibles, can be a major obstacle. Transportation difficulties and the challenge of taking time off function also contribute to the problem. A concerning trend is the closure of maternity wards in rural hospitals, leaving many rural areas without local pregnancy care providers. According to one study, approximately 35% of women of reproductive age (15-44) in the United States live in areas lacking a maternal health provider, disproportionately impacting low-income women, women of color, and those in rural communities.
The Importance of Early Detection and Treatment
Syphilis often presents with no noticeable symptoms in its early stages, meaning many individuals are unaware they are infected. A simple blood test is the most reliable way to detect the infection. For pregnant women, early detection and treatment are paramount. Treatment with penicillin can effectively cure the infection in the mother and prevent transmission to the baby.
Public health officials are urging increased efforts to expand access to prenatal care, improve syphilis screening rates, and ensure timely treatment for infected individuals. This includes addressing the social and economic factors that contribute to disparities in access to care. Increased education about the risks of syphilis and the importance of safe sex practices are also vital components of prevention efforts.
The rise in maternal syphilis rates is a stark reminder of the ongoing challenges in protecting maternal and infant health. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that prioritizes access to care, early detection, and effective treatment for all pregnant women.
The CDC is expected to release updated data on congenital syphilis cases in January 2027. For more information on syphilis and congenital syphilis, visit the CDC’s website.
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