2024-10-18 12:37:00
For example, there is not enough evidence to support that green tea reduces the risk of breast cancer, and there is limited evidence that consuming foods containing carotenoids and foods rich in calcium reduces the risk of breast cancer.
As for soy, as a source of isoflavones, it has components with weak estrogenic activity, “which leads to controversy about its effects, given the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer.”
All these observations are included in the Manual of Breast Pathology for Primary Care, led by Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC), the Spanish Society of General and Family Doctors (SEMG) and the Spanish Society of Primary Care Doctors (Semergen).
Participating in the work, which aims, among other things, to improve training in breast pathology at both levels of care and to more effectively coordinate patient care 23 specialists in Surgery, 23 specialists in Primary Care, 4 specialists in Gynecology, two Nurses and one specialist in Radiology.
EFEsalud includes here part of the chapter dedicated to the modifiable factors of breast cancer, prepared by the specialist Ana Patricia ArlandisIsabella Sierra Fernandez and Isabel Sanchez Clarosthe three from the Breast Pathology Unit of Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (Leiden).
Breast cancer: modifiable risk factors
According to the authors, factors such as overweight and obesity, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle and inadequate nutrition increase or decrease the risk of cancer depending on the hormonal status of the woman.
These are some of the key ideas in relation to obesity and diet:
Obesity/muscle mass index
Industrial foods have induced a change in diet in developed countries, which has caused an increase in the rate of overweight.
Muscle mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, especially in Caucasian patients. For every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, the risk of breast cancer increases by 12%.
In the rethinkingsex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) decreases, so free estrogen increases by 50-100% due to increased aromatase activity, which is responsible for the transformation of adipose tissue into estrogen.
This leads to an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have not received hormone therapy, which is 1.5 times higher than in women of normal weight.
Those who have experienced weight gain of 50 pounds or more since age 18 have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who have maintained their weight.
Similarly, those who have not used hormone treatment, who lose 10kg or more of weight since menopause, and who maintain this loss, have a significantly reduced risk of breast cancer.
Diet
The diet of industrialized society is characterized by excessive consumption of hyper-processed foods, which, together with a sedentary lifestyle, causes overweight which induces many chronic and neoplastic diseases.
There are not many studies comparing breast cancer incidence with different types of diets, and most are observational, so they are subject to biases that make interpretation of the observation difficult.
In any case, weight gain and obesity, which are usually directly related to diet, are known to increase the risk of breast cancer.
On the other hand, diet composition may have a greater influence during adolescence and early adulthood.
They therefore highlight that:
– There is a relationship between the Animal fat consumption and breast cancer: More than five red meat intakes per week in youth are associated with a relative increase in breast cancer of 1.22 in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, compared with consumption of poultry, fish, legumes and nuts.
– A strict Mediterranean diet has not been shown to influence the risk of breast cancer, although some studies support that this diet is characterized by the use of plant-based oils (such as EVOO extra virgin olive oil), intake of fruit, vegetables, monounsaturated fats, omega 3 fats, sugars from fibers and cereals, whose proteins come from fish and legumes, causes a 15% decrease in the incidence of breast cancer.
This benefit could be included in women with less physical activity.
– There is very limited data to suggest that the consumption of non-starchy vegetables (tomato, lettuce, onion, spinach, cucumber, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, mushrooms, etc.) reduce RH breast cancer.
Some studies suggest that women with low vitamin D levels have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
They also highlight:
– There is insufficient evidence to support that the green tea reduce the risk of breast cancer.
– There is limited evidence that consuming foods containing carotenoids and foods rich in calcium reduces the risk of breast cancer.
– soyas a source of isoflavones, it has components with weak estrogenic activity, which has led to controversy over its effects, given estrogen’s relationship to breast cancer.
However, it has been shown that it can have an anti-tumor and antioxidant effect, which induces apoptosis and decreases angiogenesis.
There are ongoing studies to clarify this aspect.
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Risk factors infographic
” image-data-caption=”
Infographic from the Manual of Breast Pathology for Primary Care
” data-medium-file=” data-large-file=” tabindex=”0″ role=”button” alt=”” class=”wp-image-252942 lazyload” src=” srcset=” 958w, 300w, 768w ” data-sizes=”auto” data-eio-rwidth=”958″ data-eio-rheight=”490″/>Primary Care Handbook of Breast Pathology Infographic
healthy lifestyle
The three specialists recommend a healthy lifestyle what happens:
– Maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI) and Avoid weight gain after menopause.
– Overweight or obese women are advised to lose weight.
– Limit sedentary behaviors.
– Carry out moderate-intense physical exercise spread over 3-5 days per week (150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week, or both).
– Limit the alcohol consumption and avoid it especially in young women before the first pregnancy.
– It is recommended for smokers reduce or eliminate smokingof particular importance in young people before the first pregnancy, as in the case of alcohol.
– It is recommended breastfeeding as much as possible.
– Limit the use of hormone replacement treatment.
– Avoid processed meatslimit the consumption of red meat and foods rich in salt. Promote protein intake from poultry, oily fish, legumes and dried fruit.
– Limit foods high calorie content and avoid sugary drinks.
– We recommend a Mediterranean diet, rich in fruit, non-starchy vegetables, cereals, legumes and extra virgin olive oil.
Manual of breast pathology for primary care
In the Western world, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Its incidence increases every year and its age of onset advances. Furthermore, benign breast disease is very common in our population.
Currently, and as noted in the introduction of the manual, this type of cancer has a great social relevance thanks to population awareness campaigns on the importance of early diagnosis and screening programs, which lead to greater commitment on the part of patients in the active search for signs and symptoms of the disease and, consequently, to the demand for timely treatment before its appearance.
The manual, Therefore, proposes a change of roles at these two levels of care, in which both new information technologies like the health information play an important rolein order to improve patients’ accessibility to the healthcare system, reduce waiting times at all stages of the process, provide complete management of the breast pathology taking into account the psychological and socio-familial aspect and facilitate complete rehabilitation and return to the normal life of patients after treatment.
On the occasion of its publication, the coordinator of the Senology Section of AEC, Sonia Rivas Fidalgo considered that the general practitioner “plays a fundamental role not only in the early diagnosis of breast pathology, but also in the follow-up once oncological treatments have been completed, in the identification of social or psychological needs, in the identification of women with high risk and in the promotion of healthy lifestyles”.
Also the Dr. Fatima Santolaya Sardineroof the Oncology Working Group of the Spanish Society of General and Family Doctors, the SEMG stated that one of the fundamental actions of Primary Care is to carry out a set of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, follow-up and treatment activities , aimed at comprehensive management of people presenting with clinical signs/symptoms or diagnostic test results with imaging techniques suspicious for malignancy or in whom an increased risk of breast cancer is detected.
Finally, the coordinator of the Semergen Women’s Care working group, the Dr. Ana Rosa Jurado underlined that once again, and in a moment of unprecedented healthcare overload, the Primary Care professionals who participated in the preparation of this Manual “have demonstrated that the priority is the quality of care for users of the National Health System, this opportunity from the training, consultancy and consensus work that made the preparation of this work possible”.
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