Avian Flu Threatens U.S. Dairy Industry: New Genotype Detected in cattle
The U.S. dairy industry is facing a growing threat from Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, with the recent detection of a new, concerning genotype in dairy cattle. This development underscores the urgency of ongoing efforts to contain the virus and protect both animal and human health.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NSVL) confirmed the presence of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b,genotype D1.1, in dairy cattle in Nevada. “This detection marks the first time this genotype has been detected in dairy cattle,” according to a USDA-APHIS statement. Genotype D1.1 has been the dominant strain found in North American migratory birds during the fall and winter of 2024-2025, and has already been identified in wild birds, mammals, and domestic poultry.This discovery comes as the USDA-APHIS continues to grapple with a meaningful outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in American dairy cattle. As of February 6, 2025, the agency has reported 959 confirmed cases in 16 states.
The Nevada case was identified through the USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS), a nationwide program that requires the collection and sampling of raw milk. “NMTS is intended to support the rapid implementation of enhanced biosecurity measures that decrease the risk of transmission to other livestock,and to inform efforts that protect farmworkers by lowering their risk of exposure,” the USDA-APHIS explained.
The NMTS is a crucial tool in the fight against HPAI H5N1, allowing for early detection and rapid response. It’s similar to the way the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors for outbreaks of human diseases through surveillance programs.
Understanding the Threat
HPAI H5N1 is a highly contagious and deadly virus that can cause severe illness and death in birds. While the risk to humans is considered low, it is still a serious concern, as the virus can spread to humans through close contact with infected birds or their droppings.
The detection of genotype D1.1 in dairy cattle is particularly concerning because it suggests that the virus is adapting and spreading more easily among different animal species. This could increase the risk of further outbreaks and make it more difficult to control the virus.
Protecting the Dairy Industry
The dairy industry is facing significant economic losses due to the HPAI H5N1 outbreak. Farmers are forced to cull infected birds, which can lead to reduced milk production and higher prices for consumers.The USDA-APHIS is working with state and federal partners to implement a multi-pronged approach to combat the outbreak:
Surveillance and Testing: The NMTS is a key component of this strategy, allowing for early detection and rapid response. Biosecurity measures: Farmers are encouraged to implement strict biosecurity measures on their farms to prevent the spread of the virus. This includes limiting contact with wild birds, disinfecting equipment and facilities, and restricting movement of animals.
Vaccination: While there is no vaccine currently available for HPAI H5N1 in poultry, research is ongoing.
Protecting Public Health
The CDC is also working to protect public health by providing guidance on how to prevent the spread of HPAI H5N1. This includes:
Avoiding contact with wild birds: Do not touch or handle wild birds, and avoid areas where they congregate.
Washing hands frequently: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling poultry or being in contact with potentially contaminated areas.
Cooking poultry thoroughly: Cook poultry to an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) to kill any harmful bacteria or viruses.Looking Ahead
the HPAI H5N1 outbreak is a serious threat to the U.S.dairy industry and public health. The detection of genotype D1.1 in dairy cattle highlights the need for continued vigilance and a coordinated response.
by working together, farmers, veterinarians, public health officials, and consumers can definately help to mitigate the risks posed by this virus and protect our food supply and our communities.
Time.News Editor: Welcome to Time.News. Today, we’re speaking with dr.Emily Carter, a rising expert in avian influenza and its impact on the livestock industry. Dr. carter, thank you for joining us.
Dr. Emily carter: It’s a pleasure to be here.
Time.News Editor: Dr. Carter, the recent discovery of the HPAI H5N1 virus genotype D1.1 in dairy cattle has sent ripples of concern through the dairy industry. Can you break down the importance of this development for our readers?
Dr.Carter: Absolutely.The detection of this specific genotype in dairy cattle is alarming for several reasons. First, genotype D1.1 has been the dominant strain circulating in wild birds in North America this winter, and now it’s jumped to mammals. This demonstrates the virus’s ability to adapt and spread across species barriers, which raises concerns about its potential to mutate further and become even more transmissible.
Time.News Editor: So, this suggests the virus might be evolving, making it a more serious threat?
dr. Carter: Exactly. The easier it is for the virus to jump between species, the more opportunities it has to evolve. This could make it more challenging to control the outbreak and even potentially lead to more severe forms of the disease.
Time.News Editor: How is this development impacting the U.S. dairy industry,and what measures are being taken to mitigate thes risks?
Dr. Carter: You’re seeing meaningful economic strain.Farmers who have experienced outbreaks are forced to cull infected cows, leading to reduced milk production. This scarcity can drive up prices for consumers. Thankfully,the USDA and its partners,including state veterinarians,are responding aggressively.
Time.News Editor: Could you elaborate on those actions?
Dr. Carter: Of course.
One crucial element is the National Milk Testing strategy (NMTS).This involves regularly testing raw milk samples. early detection allows for swift actions,like implementing stricter biosecurity measures on farms,isolating potentially infected animals,and preventing wider spread. Another vital step involves encouraging farmers to adopt strict biosecurity practices: limiting contact between livestock and wild birds, maintaining rigorous cleaning protocols, and minimizing animal movement to prevent further outbreaks.
Time.News Editor: What about a vaccine? Any progress there?
Dr. Carter: While we don’t currently have an approved vaccine specifically for HPAI H5N1 in cattle, research is ongoing. A vaccine could provide crucial protection if developed successfully.
Time.news Editor: Speaking of protection, what advice do you have for consumers concerned about the spread of avian influenza and its potential impact on their milk supply?
Dr. Carter: There’s always cause for caution, but remain informed. Check reputable sources, like the CDC and USDA websites, for the latest updates and guidance.Stick to thoroughly cooking poultry, maintain good hygiene, and avoid contact with wild birds. Remember, responsible practices everyone can adopt are essential in keeping ourselves and livestock safe.
Time.news Editor: Dr. Carter, thank you for shedding light on this complex issue. your insights are truly valuable.
Dr. Carter: My pleasure.