The sub-directorate general of Epidemiology and Health Surveillance of the General Directorate of Public Health has reported two probable cases of leptospirosis, in the absence of confirmation by the results of the corresponding analyses.
What is leptospirosis?
leptospirois is an infection caused by bacteria of this genus Leptospira. It is transmitted mainly through contact with water contaminated with urine from infected animalsmainly rats, which can enter the body through wounds or mucous membranes. It can also be contracted through wet soil or contaminated sludge.
What are the symptoms?
According to the surveillance protocol for the early detection of infection cases associated with the floods caused by DANA in Valencia, a possible case of leptospirosis should be suspected in any person presenting fever and at least two of the following symptoms: chills, headache, myalgia, rash, conjunctival injection, jaundice, myocarditis, renal failure, hemoptysis (expectoration of blood) or other hemorrhagic manifestations.
Him incubation period The duration of the disease is 5-14 days, with a range from 2 to 30 days.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is generally based on serology together with clinical presentation and epidemiological data (history of possible exposure, presence of risk factors, etc.). It can also be done by isolating bacteria in clinical patient samples or via an ELISA test.
Treatment
There is an antibiotic treatment to fight this infection. The Ministry underlines that from a clinical point of view, the majority of cases are self-limiting, manifesting mild symptoms such as fever, general malaise and muscle pain.
What complications can it cause?
In about 90% of infected people, the symptoms of leptospirosis are not serious. In approximately 10% of cases, the infection progresses to a serious, life-threatening disease with multiple organ dysfunction. The disease can occur in two phases, with a milder first phase that subsequently becomes more severe. Early treatment reduces the severity and duration of the disease.
Which people are affected?
As indicated by the general sub-directorate of Epidemiology and Health Surveillance, the suspected cases These are two people who voluntarily carried out cleaning or debris removal activities in two municipalities affected by DANA. Both people present good clinical progress and one of them is hospitalized.
Surveillance
The Ministry of Health insists on the importance of observing the symptoms of people exposed to the flooded areas or who have participated in clean-up work in the affected municipalities and of going, if necessary, to the health point. Symptoms to look out for include persistent high fever, severe diarrhea or vomiting, severe abdominal pain or yellowing of the skin and/or eyes.
Additionally, you should also look for dark urine, persistent cough or difficulty breathing, red or purple rashes that may indicate bleeding under the skin, severe headache or stiff neck, confusion, disorientation, or agitation. Likewise, special attention should be paid to open wounds or lesions, especially if they show signs of infection (redness, swelling, discharge or pain).
Recommendations
As regards the recommendations addressed to citizens, please remember wash your hands very well with soap and wateruse a mask, gloves, eye protection and Wear appropriate long-sleeved clothing when cleaning affected areasas well as not consuming food in contact with flooded land. In addition, when cleaning the house, it is recommended to open windows and doors to ventilate, remove all wet objects, standing water, mud and clay, clean walls and floors and disinfect with bleach.
If animal corpses are found, it is advisable to handle them as little as possible, using the correct protective devices. Avoid contact with body fluids and follow municipal instructions for disposal.
On the other hand, to avoid respiratory problems, it is advisable to use portable generators or engines outside homes and garages, trying to keep them away from doors, windows or railings of the homes.
Interview between Time.News Editor and Dr. Maria Gonzalez, Infectious Disease Expert
Time.News Editor: Thank you for joining us today, Dr. Gonzalez. With two probable cases of leptospirosis reported recently, could you start by explaining to our readers what exactly leptospirosis is?
Dr. Gonzalez: Absolutely, and thank you for having me. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by the genus Leptospira. It’s mainly transmitted to humans through contact with water that has been contaminated with the urine of infected animals, primarily rats. This can happen through open wounds or mucous membranes, and it can also be contracted through wet soil or contaminated sludge.
Time.News Editor: That sounds concerning. What are the common symptoms that someone might experience if they contract leptospirosis?
Dr. Gonzalez: Well, the symptoms can be quite varied. Typically, the disease presents with fever, and to suspect a possible case, a person would also need to show at least two additional symptoms, such as chills, headache, muscle pain, or even jaundice. The onset can occur anywhere from 2 to 30 days after exposure, which makes early detection challenging.
Time.News Editor: What can you tell us about the diagnosis process for leptospirosis? How do health providers confirm a case?
Dr. Gonzalez: Diagnosis is indeed complex. It usually relies on serological testing alongside clinical presentations and epidemiological data. Health professionals will look at the patient’s history, any potential exposure to contaminated water or soil, and risk factors. In some cases, isolating the bacteria from patient samples or using an ELISA test can provide confirmation.
Time.News Editor: It seems like early diagnosis is crucial. What treatment options are available for those diagnosed with leptospirosis?
Dr. Gonzalez: That’s correct. There is antibiotic treatment available, and for most people, the symptoms are self-limiting. Many patients exhibit mild symptoms like fever and muscle aches. However, early treatment is essential to reduce the risk of severe complications.
Time.News Editor: Speaking of complications, can you elaborate on the potential risks involved with leptospirosis?
Dr. Gonzalez: Certainly. In about 90% of infected individuals, symptoms are mild and manageable. However, in about 10% of cases, the disease can progress to a serious form that affects multiple organs and can be life-threatening. It typically starts with a milder phase before becoming more severe, which is why early medical intervention is crucial.
Time.News Editor: Who are the most vulnerable populations when it comes to leptospirosis, especially in light of recent flooding in Valencia?
Dr. Gonzalez: Great question. The current suspected cases involve individuals who engaged in cleaning and debris removal in flood-affected municipalities. Those who participate in cleanup activities after flooding are particularly at risk because they are exposed to contaminated water and soil. The Ministry of Health urges anyone involved in these activities to be vigilant for symptoms such as high fever or yellowing skin.
Time.News Editor: It’s clear that vigilance is key. What preventative measures can individuals take to protect themselves from contracting leptospirosis?
Dr. Gonzalez: First and foremost, people should avoid contact with potentially contaminated water or soil, especially during or after flooding. Wearing protective clothing and using gloves while cleaning is essential. Additionally, maintaining cleanliness in living areas and controlling rodent populations can significantly reduce the risk of exposure.
Time.News Editor: Thank you, Dr. Gonzalez, for this important information. As we navigate the complexities of infectious diseases like leptospirosis, it’s crucial for the community to stay informed and proactive.
Dr. Gonzalez: Thank you for the opportunity to share this vital information. Awareness and education are key in preventing infections and protecting public health.